نشریه پژوهش های انسان شناسی ایران
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Death has always been an indiscriminate part of human life. In the present study, the main goal is to achieve a deep understanding about the presence of the bereaved people in the cemetery as one of the fundamental influential areas of their life, their actions there and the role of this presence and actions in dealing with mourning; so by designing the grounded theory, we gathered data from the closest relatives of the deceased in the city of Yazd. Therefore, detailed interviews were conducted with the bereaved people who unexpectedly lost their beloved ones at least four month and at most four years before the date of interviews. By analyzing the propositions line by line in three open, axial, and selective coding processes, 24 main categories and one core category were constructed under the name of deconstructive interaction of the bereaved/dead in the cemetery. The central phenomenon of the research was the problematic of the presence in the cemetery to which the bereaved people responded with different strategies. The constructions of life in the cemetery, the spatial substitution mechanism of charity, the presence management and so on were their strategies in response to the central phenomenon. The adoption of these strategies brought them negative and positive consequences such as emotional regulation, intensification of diseases, and compatibility with the epoché of cemetery.

Risk is a concept and phenomenon that will deals with the possibility of danger and the power of harm in the future and belongs to the risks ahead. The approach to risk, in addition to technical and computational evaluation, follows cultural and social patterns. Therefore, it extended to the perceptual and activity aspects of human beings. The present study targeted the mental evaluation of urban dwellers about environmental risks in Tehran from the perspective of informed subjects. This study collected the data by adopting the method of grounded theory and conducting twenty semi-structured interviews of higher education informants during the process of purposeful and theoretical sampling and achieved theoretical saturation and conceptual regulation. Findings indicate that in terms of subjects, urban dwellers in Tehran do not have a significant perception and activity in the face of environmental hazards to the city of Tehran. On the one hand, in their minds, the perception of environmental risks has not been determined much, and on the other hand, action focused on environmental risks does not have a significant presence and even tends to passive actions. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is no internal risk culture among the residents of Tehran and there is no risk discourse in their minds and actions. In the end, the paradigmatic model of perceptual and cognitive retardation of urban dwellers from environmental risks in Tehran has been drawn and interpreted.

Traffic management in historic and worn-out metropolitan contexts is one of the most important urban problems that has multilayered complexity due to its wide social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions and if not properly planned, it leads to irreversible problems. Due to this necessity, in this research, it has been attempted in the Tarkhani Bazaar of Tehran, first with a qualitative research approach and a descriptive-analytical and deductive research design, operational traffic management solutions and pedestrian axis selection and necessary arrangements have been provided. The criteria and sub-criteria of economic, physical, ecological, social, passages structure and traffic geometry were obtained from library studies. Then components such as roads geometry, roads width, furniture, urban landscape, functions, special needs, ladies' attendance, security feeling, and feeling of attachment to the place, traffic volume, public parkings, economic vitality, activity compatibility and time, landscape and quality of environment were scored. The results show that physical structure has the most significant effect. By normalizing the criteria, land uses has the most important role in traffic management. Among the four possible options, Tarkhani axis was identified as the most appropriate axis for turning into pedestrian passage. At the end, traffic management strategies and plans is presented.

By understanding human activities in his ecosystem, we can recognize material cultures. It is important to see how thoughts, aspirations and imaginations emerge as cultural materials which are considered as products of crafts and artistic skills. So, nomadic and tribal handwoven products of Iran, especially killims, reflect beliefs, emotions, desires and also ecosystems of people who weave them. There is a wonderful interaction and connection between culture and ecosystem of nomads. The aim of this paper is recognition of nomadic handwoven objects in four main regions of Iran based on technical components (spinning, dyeing, weave techniques) aesthetics (design, coloring), materials, the cultural and social structures, and human resource of production (weaver artists). The case studies of the research are the killims of Bakhtiari, Qashqaei, Shahsavan and Kormanj tribes. The reason of choosing these killims is their significance in nomadic handwoven objects (due to their diversity, motifs and laborious nature) and also their common motifs. The paper is written based on a fundamental research which was conducted by a descriptive-analytical methodology; data collection was done both in field and by reviewing documents.

In contemporary times human beings have been at the center of all affairs and are among the subjects which have been largely studied and rethought. Contemporary art has also witnessed the evolution and enhancement of human-centered works of action and creation in recent decades. In modern times, radical changes in human meaning have occurred in the contemporary era, and new artistic methods have challenged human beliefs. From the point of view of Jean Baudrillard (1929- 2007), the realm of the signs has vanished seriously and there is no external reference to the truth. The purpose of the present study is to study the redefinition of human meaning in the works of British sculptor Jason Taylor with the anthropological approach of Baudrillard in the postmodern period. In his works Man is created as a pluralistic object-oriented, reality-shaped and hidden underwater model that is consistent with Baudrillard's theories. The hypothesis of the present study is the evolution of human meaning and its place in relation to the change of human social form in the contemporary era with emphasis on Baudrillard's theories. The content of this research is qualitative and is based on descriptive-analytical methodology and library collection method.